| Joseph Malègue | |
|---|---|
| Born | 8 December 1876 La Tour d'Auvergne (Auvergne) |
| Died | 30 December 1940 Nantes France |
| Occupation | Writer |
| Nationality | French |
| Period | 20th century |
| Genres | Novel |
Joseph Malègue (La-Tour-d'Auvergne 8 December 1876 – Nantes 30 December 1940), was a French catholic novelist, principally author of Augustin ou le Maître est là (1933) and Pierres noires. Les classes moyennes du Salut.. He was also a theologian and published some theologian surveys, as Pénombres about Faith and against Fideism.
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Malègue twice took the entrance examination for the École Normale Supérieure, in 1900 and 1901. His failure may have been due to poor health. Between 1902 and 1912, during several stays in England, he wrote a doctoral thesis about the high unemployment among casually-employed English dockers. This was published in 1913 as Une forme spéciale de chômage : le travail casuel dans les ports anglais.[1] In January 1912, during one such stay, he found the whole name of Augustin Méridier, the principal character in Augustin ou le Maître est là. The first handwritten pages of the book date from that month. During the First World War, once more because of his poor health, he was only able to work in an infirmary, despite his repeated attempts to enlist in a fighting unit. In 1917 he worked in the International Commission for relief in London. From 1922 until 1927, he taught at the École Normale, educating teachers for elementary schools of Savenay. In 1923 he married Yvonne Pouzin, a doctor of medicine, and they lived together in Nantes.
Malègue's novel Augustin ou le Maître est là was finished in 1930. The French philosopher Jacques Chevalier, a friend of Malègue, tried unsuccessfully to persuade Plon to publish the work, and in the end Malègue was forced to pay the publisher Spes for the procution of the first 3,000 copies . This roman fluvial or roman fleuve of 900 pages had immediately a great success following the French literary critic Claude Barthe. Most French, Belgian, Walloon, and Swiss critics favoured the new novelist and his work, as did the most important literary critics of other countries in Europe, both Catholic and Protestant. Spes printed 10,000 copies at the end of 1933, 9,000 in June 1935, 6,000 in March 1940, and there were further large editions.[2] Malègue was named the Catholic Proust by many French and Walloon literary critics, including Jacques Madaule and Léopold Levaux. He received many letters and among them communications from Paul Claudel, Henri Bergson, and Maurice Blondel. With this philosopher, he engaged in a lengthy philosophical correspondence, which has been studied by Geneviève Mosseray.[3] He published Pénombres in 1939. In 1940, he was found to be suffering from stomach cancer and died in December that year. Despite all his efforts, he was unable to finish Pierres noires. Les classes moyennes du Salut. This novel, which was more ambitious (almost 1,000 pages already written for the two first parts of the book and there would have been a third part, the most important), was published in 1958 after Malègue's death.
Malègue's Augustin ou le Maître est là is unique among Catholic novels, following Victor Brombert,[4] because, instead of writing about sex and sin as François Mauriac or Georges Bernanos, he poses the religious problem from an intellectual (not intellectualist) point of view. The hero is clearly victim of the libido sciendi. But Malègue insists not on his pride, but on the seduction of the mind. He is not against intelligence, on the contrary. On the contrary a writer as Bernanos is in a sense against intellgence. Victorm Brombert citates L'imposture and the statement Yes intelligence can penetrate everything, just a as light can go through the thickness of crystal, but it is incapable of moving, of embracing. It is a sterile contemplation.[5]
The Augustin's return to his faith, in the end of the novel, is not an abdication of the intelligence, but a reconquest through pain and lucidity. This return to faith sharply departs from Jean Barois (of Roger Martin du Gard) because Barois' physical and mental anguish provokes a state of moral depression and a yearning for childhood coziness until in Augustin ou le Maître est là the return to faith (as in Jean Barois) and suffering is an exalting experience which elevates him [Augustin] to the "icy zones of spiritual meditation. [6]Reason or intelligence is not abandoned but only cold reason which is unable to meet the person, both of men and God, in the same sense as the philosophers Blaise Pascal or Henri Bergson, thinking that Jewish or Christian God is not the God of Aristoteles. But, in doing so, the author wrote a long (900 pages in the first edition) and authentic novel 'without loss of either dramatic or psychological intensity'.[7] Following him, the drama of intelligence appears in a different light in other Catholic novels.
If this author is a little forgotten, even in France, some literary critics continue to study his work, and among them William Marceau who wrote in 1987 Henri Bergson and Maurice Malègue, la convergence de deux pensées (French and Italien Studies, Stanford University , 1987), or Claude Barthe in 2004
Jean Guitton told that a great reader of Malègue was the pope Paul VI [8] Malègue was also appreciated by unbelievers or atheists as for instance Fernand Vandérem, a Jewish literary critic for Le Figaro, who wrote articles in the most laudatory terms.